服务器优化——Sysctl、Apache、MySQL

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  服务器的负载能力,很大程度上取决于系统管理员的配置和优化能力。相同的硬件、不同的软件配置,会造成截然不同的效果。下面我将给大家介绍一下如何优化 sysctrl, Apache 以及 MySQL 。请注意,所有配置均为取决于个人,请根据自己的实际情况做调整。
  
  配置Sysctl
  
  编辑此文件:
  
  nano -w /etc/sysctl.conf
  
  如果该文件为空,则输入以下内容,否则请根据情况自己做调整:
  
  # Controls source route verification
  # Default should work for all interfaces
  net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.lo.rp_filter = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter = 1
  
  # Disables IP source routing
  # Default should work for all interfaces
  net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_source_route = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_source_route = 0
  
  # Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
  kernel.sysrq = 0
  
  # Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
  # Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
  kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
  
  # Increase maximum amount of memory allocated to shm
  # Only uncomment if needed!
  # kernel.shmmax = 67108864
  
  # Disable ICMP Redirect Acceptance
  # Default should work for all interfaces
  net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.lo.accept_redirects = 0
  # net.ipv4.conf.eth0.accept_redirects = 0
  
  # Enable Log Spoofed Packets, Source Routed Packets, Redirect Packets
  # Default should work for all interfaces
  net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.lo.log_martians = 1
  # net.ipv4.conf.eth0.log_martians = 1
  
  # Decrease the time default value for tcp_fin_timeout connection
  net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 25
  
  # Decrease the time default value for tcp_keepalive_time connection
  net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200
  
  # Turn on the tcp_window_scaling
  net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
  
  # Turn on the tcp_sack
  net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
  
  # tcp_fack should be on because of sack
  net.ipv4.tcp_fack = 1
  
  # Turn on the tcp_timestamps
  net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
  
  # Enable TCP SYN Cookie Protection
  net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
  
  # Enable ignoring broadcasts request
  net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
  
  # Enable bad error message Protection
  net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
  
  # Make more local ports available
  # net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
  
  # Set TCP Re-Ordering value in kernel to ‘5′
  net.ipv4.tcp_reordering = 5
  
  # Lower syn retry rates
  net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
  net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3
  
  # Set Max SYN Backlog to ‘2048′
  net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048
  
  # Various Settings
  net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1024
  
  # Increase the maximum number of skb-heads to be cached
  net.core.hot_list_length = 256
  
  # Increase the tcp-time-wait buckets pool size
  net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 360000
  
  # This will increase the amount of memory available for socket input/output queues
  net.core.rmem_default = 65535
  net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
  net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
  net.core.wmem_default = 65535
  net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
  net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65535 8388608
  net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 8388608 8388608 8388608
  net.core.optmem_max = 40960
  
  如果希望屏蔽别人 ping 你的主机,则加入以下代码:
  
  # Disable ping requests
  net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1
  
  编辑完成后,请执行以下命令使变动立即生效:
  
  /sbin/sysctl -p
  /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
  
  MySQL优化
  
  编辑MySQL的配置文件:
  
  nano /etc/my.cnf
  
  输入以下内容:
  
  [mysqld]
  connect_timeout=15
  interactive_timeout=100
  join_buffer_size=1M
  key_buffer=128M
  max_allowed_packet=16M
  max_connections=500
  max_connect_errors=10
  myisam_sort_buffer_size=64M
  read_buffer_size=1M
  read_rnd_buffer_size=768K
  sort_buffer_size=1M
  table_cache=1024
  thread_cache_size=100
  thread_concurrency=4
  wait_timeout=300
  query_cache_size=32M
  query_cache_limit=1M
  query_cache_type=1
  skip-innodb
  
  请注意,以上配置适用于512M~1024M内存,如内存更大的话请自行做调整。给项目增加内存会加快速度,但是使用过多的内存而导致启用swap的话,会极大的导致系统效率下降。其中 thread_concurrency 这项配置,单CPU的话请设置为2,双CPU的话请设置为4。
  
  Apache优化
  
  以下优化适用于 Apache 1.3 系列,如果你用的是 2.0 系列的话,请自行做调整和判断。
  
  确认 Apache 的配置文件位置并开始编辑:
  
  locate httpd.conf
  nano -w /path/to/httpd.conf
  
  httpd.conf的文件有许多内容,笔者就拿出需要做优化的:
  
  KeepAlive On
  MaxKeepAliveRequests 1000
  KeepAliveTimeout 3
  
  MinSpareServers 8
  MaxSpareServers 13
  
  MaxRequestsPerChild 50
  
  将 KeepAliveTimeout 设定到较小的数字将有助于减少服务器上的无用等待链接,一定程度上能增加服务器负载。
  
  另外,下面这条不算优化,但是是Apache安全相关:
  
  ServerSignature Off
  ServerTokens ProductOnly
  
  将 ServerSignature 关闭,并增加 ServerTokens ProductOnly 可以使常人无法检测到Apache的实际版本号,有助于Apache的安全。
  
  以上所做的这些优化在某种程度上会增强服务器的负载性能。但请注意,最佳的配置是实践出来的。
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